Information Systems for Accountants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Systems for Accountants - Essay Example As the project progresses, some of these tasks may change due to unforeseen or miscalculated circumstances, therefore the original task duration, and its sequence must be modified. These methods diverge in intricacy from simple to-do lists to GANTT charts, to a more complicated network scheduling techniques such as CPM or Critical Path Method, PERT or Program Evaluation and Review Technique, and Precedence Diagramming. CPM and PERT charts consumes a lot of time to create manually thus outshine the real work to be done by the method used to represent the work. Precedence Diagramming is like CPM and PERT but it let different logic relationships to be signified in graphic form and it allows relationships to be represented in various ways making it more illustrative of the real life construction process. All of the above techniques when done manually are unfortunately very difficult. Project tracking or monitoring involves registering these various changes throughout the project, and making suitable changes to the projected schedule. Making constant schedule revision throughout the life of the project is an arduous task for the planner and the result may not be accurate and probably will not meet the deadline. Nevertheless, there are tools available to help plan and track projects more efficiently like Microsoft Project. Microsoft Project is a computer program designed to automatically plan, schedule, and track the progress of the project. An easy, powerful, and flexible project management tool that puts you in command of your projects, helps you keep everyone up to date and involved, and is well suited with the working style of today. Manage simple or multifaceted projects by scheduling and tracking all your activities so you can stay on top of their development. Sets up your plan swiftly, initialize your plan by creating and arrange your task list so you can simply validate details and overall

Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example Political campaigns, religious leaders, and foreign press make quite a spectacle of how the United States legal system regularly sentences people to die for the crimes they have committed. As such, the United States is a bit of a novelty in the developed world as one of the last few 1st world countries in which the death penalty is not only still legal but employed in great numbers (Debrevnik, 2004). This short analysis is far too brief to provide the level of critique that a topic such as the death penalty deserves; however, this analysis will discuss a few of the strengths and weaknesses of the death penalty in its current form and weigh them against some of its greatest weaknesses to provide the reader with a clearer understanding and sense of moral responsibility with relation to whether or not the death penalty is a net good or a net evil in the criminal justice system and in our society as a whole. It is necessary to note that although this author is in favor of the death penal ty, there are many serious drawbacks to its application, the high economic costs it entails, and the oftentimes arbitrary nature with which it has been historically employed. Although these concerns are valid, the author maintains that notwithstanding many of the current drawbacks associated with the death penalty, the morality and ethics behind it are still poignant enough to merit its support. From a purely economic standpoint, capital punishment is an extraordinarily expensive form of punishment. As compared with life in prison, the average cost of execution is approximately the same cost to keep a prisoner housed and fed for over 100 years. Currently, the average cost of execution in California exceeds 4 million dollars per criminal executed. Comparatively, the average cost to keep a prisoner housed and fed as well as ensuring proper health care and medicine usually does not exceed $35,000 per year (Semeshenko et al, 2012). At such an exorbitantly high expense, it is clear that choosing capital punishment on the grounds that killing the criminal will somehow save the state money over time is entirely illogical. As such, the argument for execution does not hinge on economic savings; instead, it hinges upon the Judeo-Christian belief of â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth†. In this way, the major supporters of the death penalty believe that certain crimes are so heinous that rehabilitation is not possible. As such, one’s life is forfeit for certain crimes if convicted. This further raises the tangential issue of the purpose of prison; whether it is it to rehabilitate or to punish. According to death penalty activists, prison’s primary objective is to punish with rehabilitation being a very distant second. A secondary issue with the death penalty in its current form is that they death penalty has been proven not to be a significant deterrent against the crimes it punishes. With the United States being a prime example, it is ob vious that murder rates in the United States are comparably higher than almost any other nation that currently does not have the death penalty as a legal option for a convicted criminal. Accordingly, the death penalty cannot be seen as adequate deterrent to dissuade would-be criminals from committing crime; however, it can be seen as a barometer of a society’s overall tolerance for violent crime and the clear and

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world . In GSM signaling and speech channels are digital and data communication is easy to build into the system GSM is a cellular network,and mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network-macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.900MHz GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. It uses eight time slots, hence one carrier can support eight full rate or sixteen half rate channels. Channel separation is 200kHz with mobile transmit channels in the range 890 to 915MHz and mobile receive channels in the range 935 to 960MHz. Peak output power of the transmitters depends on the class of the mobile station and can be 0.8, 2, 5, 8, or 20 watts. GSM is based on digital cellular networks which have some advantages as listed below Greater spectrum usage efficiency compared to analogue approaches. Improved service quality for users in the form of improved speech quality, improved security through inbuilt encryption (there is none at present), and higher connection reliability. Larger number of advanced user services and easier linkage to private and public ISDN networks. CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM GSM uses multiple access technology like FDMA/TDMA and CDMA TDMA. With time division multiple access simultaneous conversations are supported by users transmitting in short bursts at different times or slots. FDMA. In frequency division multiple access, the total band is split into narrow frequency subbands and a channel is allocated exclusively to each user during the course of a call. One is used for transmission and one for reception. CDMA. Code division multiple access allows all users access to all frequencies with the allocated band. A single user is extracted from the mayhem by looking for each users individual code using a correlator. Although not selected for the current generation of mobile digital technologies, CDMA holds much promise as the future technology of choice for GSM replacement in the next century. †¢ GSM uses frequency division duplexing. †¢ Channel for uplink is from : 890 915 MHz †¢ Channel for downlink is from 935 960 MHz †¢ Distance b/w the frequencies used for uplink and downlink (duplex distance) is 45 MHz †¢ Frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan(channel spacing) is 200khz. †¢ Total number of frequencies are equal to 124 †¢ Bit rate of each channel is 270.9 kbit/s †¢ Duration of data frame in GSM is 4.615 msec †¢ Number of time slots are 8 and each slot is of (4.615 / 8) 0.577 m sec Speech bit rate is 13 kbits /sec ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM The first GSM system specification was published in July 1991 and was immediately followed by several false starts. This was brought about by a combination over-optimism, difficulties in type approval testing, and inevitable changes to the GSM specification. The first terminals appeared on the market in June 1992. A combination of high demand for mobile services and a lack of capacity in the installed analogue network, has made Germany the most advanced country for GSM deployment. In the UK, Vodafone have said that they now cover 60-70% of the UK population with their GSM service and expect 90% coverage by mid 1993. GSM has also been accepted for use by over seventeen European countries and several others including New Zealand and Hong Kong ending a period of diverse and proprietary standards. Some of the problems which were faced by the Europians when implementing these brand new technology were In many countries there is no overt demand or need for GSM. Analogue services are available and under employed. GSM coverage needs to be as wide as analogue before users will swap over. The current generation of GSM hand portables are not as small or as light as analogue variants. This will limit the interest of many users, even though a better service may be provided by GSM technology. Terminal prices for digital technologies are high compared to analogue. It is likely that it will be very difficult to get users to pay higher call charges for an improved service so GSM cannot be positioned as a higher quality/higher price service. CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION Modulation scheme which is used in GSM is GMSK which is based on MSK.MSK uses linear phase changes and is spectral efficient. Block diagram of GMSK generator: Some of the properties of the GMSK are Improved spectral efficiency Power Spectral Density Reduced main lobe over MSK Requires more power to transmit data than many comparable modulation schemes Before the GMSK can be explained, some fundamentals of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) must be known. MSK (MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0s and 1s, but unlike most other keying schemes we have seen in class, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what information is being sent, but what was previously sent. Following is the pulse used in MSK Where if a 1 was sent if a 0 was sent To see how this works assume that the data being sent is 111010000, then the phase of the signal would fluctuate as seen below In order to see the signal constellation diagram consider the following equations which can be simplefied as where and Thus the equations for s1 and s2 depend only on andwith each taking one of two possible values. Therefore there are 4 different possibilities therefore the signal constellation diagram will be Advantages of MFSK MSK produces a power spectrum density that falls off much faster compared to the spectrum of QPSK. While QPSK falls off at the inverse square of the frequency, MSK falls off at the inverse fourth power of the frequency. Thus MSK can operate in a smaller bandwidth compared to QPSK GMSK(GAUSSIAN-MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) Even though MSKs power spectrum density falls quite fast, it does not fall fast enough so that interference between adjacent signals in the frequency band can be avoided. To take care of the problem, the original binary signal is passed through a Gaussian shaped filter before it is modulated with MSK. The principle parameter in designing an appropriate Gaussian filter is the time-bandwidth product WTb.Following figure shows the frequency response of different Gaussian filters.MSK has a time-bandwidth product of infinity As can be seen that GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker than MSKs. Furthermore, as WTb is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker In the GSM standard a time-bandwidth product of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency and intersymbol interference. With this value of WTb, 99% of the power spectrum is within a bandwidth of 250 kHz, and since GSM spectrum is divided into 200 kHz channels for multiple access, there is very little interference between the channels The speed at which GSM can transmit at, with WTb=0.3, is 271 kb/s. It cannot go faster, since that would cause intersymbol interference CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM The strong demand for GSM is continuing. Today, GSM is used by 2.3 billion people worldwide and the strong growth is expected to be maintained. Most of the expansion occurs in high-growth markets, where the cost of mobile calls and terminals is crucial. With the success of GSM and to meet the demanding requirements of the subscribers, GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE has been introduced which offer high data rates for the transmission. 3rd Generation (3G) systems will soon be introduced in Pakistan offering new and interesting services to the users and will bring internet to new levels In future strong focus of GSM operators will be on maintaining high quality of service, increasing usage and exploring new revenue streams on value added services, market visibility through various market initiatives to fulfill subscribers satisfaction and demand and above all to increase the value of investment for the shareholders. MATLAB CODE (IMPLEMENTATION OF GMSK) clear all; close all; DRate = 1; % data rate or 1 bit in one second M = 18; % no. of sample per bit N = 36; % no. of bits for simulation [-18:18] BT = 0.5; % Bandwidth*Period (cannot change ) T = 1/DRate; % data period , i.e 1 bit in one second Ts = T/M; k=[-18:18]; % Chens values. More than needed; % only introduces a little more delay alpha = sqrt(log(2))/(2*pi*BT); % alpha calculated for the gaussian filter response h = exp(-(k*Ts).^2/(2*alpha^2*T^2))/(sqrt(2*pi)*alpha*T); % Gaussian Filter Response in time domain figure; plot(h) title(Response of Gaussian Filter); xlabel( Sample at Ts); ylabel( Normalized Magnitude); grid; bits = [zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36)]; % Modulation m = filter(h,1,bits);% bits are passed through the all pole filter described by h, i.e bits are % shaped by gaussian filter t0=.35; % signal duration ts=0.00135; % sampling interval fc=200; % carrier frequency kf=100; % Modulation index fs=1/ts; % sampling frequency t=[0:ts:t0]; % time vector df=0.25; % required frequency resolution int_m(1)=0; for i=1:length(t)-1 % Integral of m int_m(i+1)=int_m(i)+m(i)*ts; end tx_signal=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_m); % it is frequency modulation not the phase modulating with the integral of the signal x = cos(2*pi*fc*t); y = sin(2*pi*fc*t); figure; subplot(3,1,1) stem(bits(1:200)) title(Gaussian Filtered Pulse Train); grid; subplot(3,1,2) plot(m(1:230)) title(Gaussian Shaped train); xlim([0 225]); subplot(3,1,3) plot(tx_signal) title(Modulated signal); xlim([0 225]); % Channel Equalization %load C:CASEDigital_Communicationprojectgmskalichannel.mat load channel.mat h = channel; N1 = 700; x1 = randn(N1,1); d = filter(h,1,x1); Ord = 256; Lambda = 0.98; delta = 0.001; P = delta*eye(Ord); w = zeros(Ord,1); for n = Ord:N1 u = x1(n:-1:n-Ord+1); pi = P*u; k = Lambda + u*pi; K = pi/k; e(n) = d(n) w*u; w = w + K *e(n); PPrime = K*pi; P = (P-PPrime)/Lambda; w_err(n) = norm(h-w); end figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(w); title(Channel Response); subplot(3,1,2); plot(h,r); title(Adaptive Channel Response); rcvd_signal = conv(h,tx_signal); subplot(3,1,3); plot(rcvd_signal); title(Received Signal); eq_signal = conv(1/w,rcvd_signal); figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); subplot(3,1,2); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); axis([208 500 -2 2]); subplot(3,1,3); plot(tx_signal,r); title(Modulated Signal); % Demodulation eq_signal1 = eq_signal(200:460-1); In = x.*eq_signal1; Qn = y.*eq_signal1; noiseI = awgn(In,20); noiseQ = awgn(Qn,20); I = In + noiseI; Q = Qn + noiseQ; LP = fir1(32,0.18); yI = filter(LP,1,I); yQ = filter(LP,1,Q); figure; subplot(2,1,1); plot(yI); title(Inphase Component); xlim([0 256]); subplot(2,1,2); plot(yQ); title(Quadrature Component); xlim([0 256]); Z = yI + yQ*j; demod(1:N) = imag(Z(1:N)); demod(N+1:length(Z)) = imag(Z(N+1:length(Z)).*conj(Z(1:length(Z)-N))); xt = -10*demod(1:N/2:length(demod)) xd = xt(4:2:length(xt)) figure; stem(xd) title(Demodulated Signal); OUTPUTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION MSK GMSK CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM CHAPTER 6: MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION

The Use of Intensity and Passion as Resources for Social Transformation

Baldwin saw his race lynched, beaten, and emotionally tormented, alongside white America’s indifference towards this social problem. He witnessed firsthand the shortcomings of his country. Meanwhile, his father obfuscated this intense reality, which likely paralleled a similarly hidden reality of white people his age whose parents repeatedly eluded such inequalities because it was easier than facing them head-on. For Baldwin, trouncing social injustice requires the white man’s knowledge of how to love the Negro, to love one must suffer reality by facing their fears of experiencing the wicked and unknown. Ironically, the only wicked and unknown is that of the white man’s private fears and longings projected onto the Negro, fear of the burdensome reality that life is tragic and death is inevitable. The Negro more or less accepts his eventual death, since throughout American history he was raped, tortured, humiliated, and experienced a loss of human identity and human authority from confronting the twisted beauty of suffering (Baldwin, 98-99). The Negro was forced to face sensuality, that which Anglo-Teutonic, anti-sexual Whites have not (Baldwin, 43 & 30). â€Å"The [white] person who distrusts himself has no touchstone for reality—for this touchstone can be only oneself† (Baldwin, 43). It is for this reason that the Negro must rise-up, assuming that any potential for social justice rests in his hands. The few relatively conscious whites and relatively conscious blacks must, â€Å"like lovers, insist on, or create, the consciousness of others† (Baldwin, 105). Up to this point in American History, blacks and whites have instead experienced universal joylessness (Baldwin, 43). To the white man’s benefit, love for the Negro absolves his ... ...rm their own lives, at the same time the members desire to learn from the students and from inspired self-reflection about how they can transform their own lives. On the other end of the spectrum, extremist examples of passion and intensity used as resources for transformation include groups like Wikileaks.org, Al-Qaida, and the Dove Community Outreach Center. Such resources may invoke the spirit of war, rebellion, and deceit, detract from societal progress and antagonize tensions already rooted in sensitive geopolitical relationships. However, we must recognize that outside the western world, many people see these resources as positive for social and personal transformation. Ascertainable from these diverse resources is that passion and intensity may be leveraged regardless of geographical, political, or social divides, to effect diverse social and personal change.

Internal Selling: “Putting Theory Into Practice”

Mental Model: As mentioned by John Bradley Jackson, â€Å"internal selling can be the hardest sale†. A salesperson might feel that convincing the customers and winning the deal is the end to it, but that is not true. Convincing the people within the organization and specially the higher management is a tougher job to do. There is resistance and inflexibility to change. The internal sales cycle is almost similar to the process of selling to the end customers. A salesperson has to understand the process, his role in it and then communicate everything to everyone (From John Bradley Jackson). After studying the course â€Å"Internal Selling†, I have understood the importance of selling within the organization. Like a ray of white light consists of all the colors, behind any decision in a company, there are different persons involved. These people have different ideologies, mental models, constraints and resistances. To be a successful internal seller, one has to accept this fact and be adaptable to apply different approaches to convince these people with the help of three types of selling skills: strategic, tactical and self-management. Thus he will be able to network and effectively implement any idea or plan internally. Executive Summary: This report talks about the Super-Ware case and tries to analyze how different internal selling concepts can be used in such a scenario in real life. There are two challenges here. The first one is to win over the customer Australian Home and the second one is to convince the people within the organization to agree to the demands of Australian Home. SPIN selling techniques can be used to convince Australian Home. For the second part, six stage internal sell process is explained. For each of the stages, relevant theories and concepts have been used. The final goal is to convince both the companies to strike a deal so that a long term good business relationship can be started. Putting Theory into Practice: I will consider the â€Å"Super Ware† case and try to analyze it in the lights of the theories learnt in the course â€Å"Internal Selling†. First, I will describe the situation in brief. Then the two parts will be discussed separately. The first part, convincing the customer, Australian Home will have discussion on how SPIN selling technique can be used here. The second part, convincing the company people, will be dealt with the six stage internal sell process. Situational Analysis: Super-Ware is a cookware company. It designs products to simplify people’s lives. For more than 100 years, they are helping people to save money and time by keeping their food fresh for longer. Super-Ware offers a wide range of products for storing food, food preparation, cookware, storage and serving items. They have designed a new technology cookware. This is called Snap-Shut which has the patented Easy-Find technology. The first challenge of the sales representative is to win the deal from the most shopped general merchandise retailer of Australia, Australian Home. Then the second challenge is to convince the departments within the organization to agree to the needs of Australian Home. 1. Convincing the End Customer: Australian Home 1. 1 SPIN selling technique: First, I will try to apply the SPIN selling technique as proposed by Rackham, 1987 to be able to win over the customer, Australian Home. †¢Situation: Australian Home is one of the biggest retailers of Australia. It is part of Australian Home Corporation, Limited which operates in retail, financial services and petroleum. More than 25,000 Australians work across the company. It has 254 stores in a wide range of communities nationwide. Australian Home stores offer a unique mix of products and services through the leadership of three specialty stores under one roof- Automotive, Sports and Leisure and Home Products. The product in question, Snap-Shut is currently not listed in Australian Home but other products of Super-Ware are sold in Australian Home as well as other competitive products like Lite-Box and Snap-Tight. Snap-Shut is sold in three retailer stores in Australia currently: All-Mart, Wellworths and Dollarland. The objective of the salesperson is to secure full listing of the Snap-Shut product line before the key summer picnic season. It is known that the future relationship with Australian Home is dependent on successfully getting this deal. †¢Problem: Consumers cannot find the lids of their containers and the Easy-Find technology of Super-Ware solves this problem. But there are some issues. Super-Ware does not accept returns of products and there is no guarantee that the products will sell as it is a new innovative range of cookware. The shipping policy of Super-Ware is FOB (freight on board) to the retailer. This means Super-Ware’s responsibility ends once the products are on board and the retailer has to bear the responsibility from then onwards. To add to these, Australian Home wants the products to be delivered in boxes of 20 instead of the Super-Ware convention of 10. They also want the boxes to have red transparent lids and not blue. Moreover, they demand to sell below the MSRP (manufacturer’s suggested retail price) by at least 2 cents for each if the items. They do not want the FOB policy for shipping and want the products to be delivered directly to their Melbourne depot. Implication: Over 70% of consumers are routinely unable to find the lid that matches their containers and another 52% loose the lid completely. The Snap-Shut products solve two problems, leakage and easy organization. They have unique locking tabs for secure storage and the lid snap to the base so that it cannot get lost. The lids are transparent which means whatever is stored within the boxes can be seen easily. It will help the customers to find what they want in a time efficient manner. This Easy-Find technology is patented by Super-Ware. So these boxes will attract more customers than competitors. This will mean more business for Australian Home. The competitors of Australian Home: All-Mart, Wellworths and Dollarland currently sell Snap-Shut products. So not listing this range will result in competitive disadvantage for Australian Home. Moreover, after the Christmas season, customers will have many leftover foods and Summer being a picnic season, they will need more food storage boxes. These customers will be more than happy to buy the unique Snap-Shut products. These are some of the main reasons why Australian Home should store this new product range. Need-Payoff: Australian Home is convinced about the innovative Snap-Shut products. But they have raised some demands to be fulfilled before placing the order. Getting this deal is very important for Super-Ware. This will ensure start of a good professional relationship with Australian Home which can be turned into a long term one. Australian Home is the biggest player in Australia and having a good relation with them will help S uper-Ware to gain more profits. If the demands of Australian Home are fulfilled and they are given guarantee of sales, they will order the products. This will mean gaining their trust and future orders. To make it a success, the sales representative has to use his selling skills to convince the people within different departments in the organization to accept the demands of Australian Home. 2. Convincing the Internal People of the Company: Super-Ware I will use the six-stage Internal Sell Process as proposed by Friesen, M. E. , 1998 to describe how the people within the organization, Super-Ware can be convinced to agree to the demands of Australian Home so that the deal comes to a successful end. The sales representative has to use the three selling skills of Strategic, Tactical and Self-management to do this task. 2. 1 Identify the Problem: There are four demands of Australian Home which is related to four departments. †¢The Marketing/Brand team has to be convinced that supplying red lids will be beneficial and cost effective †¢The Production team has to be convinced that changing the pack box quantities from 12 to 20 is viable †¢The Sales, Finance and Marketing teams are to be convinced that selling 2 cents below the MSRP will benefit the company †¢The Supply Chain team should agree to ship the products to the Melbourne depot 2. Generate Ideas: People are different. They have different mental models. These models influence how they observe and understand the world and finally how they take actions and behave. They have different constraints and resistances. To convince these people, one has to accept that they are different and try to think in the same w ay as they do. Different approaches are needed to accomplish this. One has to be ready to apply them and be effective at gathering information to successfully apply them (Spiro, & Weitz, 1990). This is called Adaptive Selling. As explained by John Bradley Jackson, â€Å"Internal selling can be the hardest sell†, one need to explain the unique attributes of the new customer agreement and don’t expect people to seek out the details about the new agreement. The people within the organization should be specifically communicated about the importance of the deal. They should be involved to generate ideas about how to meet the demands. The four departments can be given the following four reasoning: †¢Marketing: As Christmas is coming and red is a popular colour in Australia, changing the lid colour from blue to red might become more beneficial for the company. The department people might argue that changing the colour of the lid will confuse the end customers. The end customers can easily identify the colour blue with the Super-Ware brand name. This is part of their brand recall. And doing something which may affect the brand loyalty is a very risky decision. But the counter argument here can be that Australian Home and Super-Ware will engage in cooperative advertising which will feature both the companies. This adds will carry the message that Super-Ware has brought new Christmas special red lids exclusively for the Australian Home customers. This will help to increase the brand loyalty rather than affecting it. Another argument from the department can be that there is no guarantee that customers will like these red colour lids and buy them. The reasoning here can be that Australian Home, being the biggest retailer has more knowledge about the customer preferences and they have the confidence that the red lids will attract more and more customers during this festive season. †¢Production: Australian Home wants the products to be delivered in pack of 20. The Production department will say that doing this will mean different packaging process for Australian Home. Currently, the products are delivered in cases of 12 for all the other customers. Changing the packaging process only for one customer will result in more cost. Super-Ware might outsource the entire packaging process but that will mean losing the control over it. And if Super-Ware decides to standardize the process and package all products in cases of 20 for all customers, then the other customers might disagree to it. The sales representative can try to address these concerns by saying that packing in cases of 20 instead of 12 will save packaging material and thus save cost. The other customers can be convinced to accept delivery in packs of 20 with the reasoning that this is an environment friendly manner of business. †¢Finance: The Finance and Sales teams are to be convinced that selling below the MSRP will be beneficial in long term. They might say that if Australian Home is sold at 2 cents below the MSRP, then the other customers will also demand the same. But the counter argument here can be that, Australian Home is one of the biggest retailer and they have the biggest customer base. Profit = quantity * price. The reduction in price will result in more quantity being sold and thus more profit. If the other customers also demand same reduction in price, then Super-Ware can say that Australian Home gives the guarantee of more quantity, if they are also ready to buy more products and confident to sell them then they can also be given this privilege. Thus in long term, this will mean more Super-Ware products being sold and more profit for the company. †¢Supply Chain: Currently Super-Ware has the FOB shipping policy. The products are shipped from China and it is the responsibility of the buyer once the products are on board. Australian Home is worried about this responsibility, they are not worried about the money i. e. they are ready to pay the shipping prices but do not want the hassle of customs and other responsibilities. The Supply Chain department may say that changing the policy will mean new agreements and more legal costs and moreover the other customers will also start demanding the same. But they can be convinced saying that Australian Home is a major key account and they mean more business for the company. And they are not concerned about the money. Super-Ware only has to arrange for the responsibilities. All they have to do is to contact some outsourced expert shipping company for this. The expenses will be paid by Australian Home. If the other customers demand this, then they can be asked to enter into a long term business contract to avail this service. 2. 3 Network the Ideas: After talking to different departments, convincing them and asking them for suggestions, the ideas have to be communicated to all within the company to gain support from top management and others within the organization. The sales representative has to use his networking skills in this stage. He has to understand that people have different ego states from which they can communicate. This is the transactional analysis proposed by E. Berne, 1986. There are three ego states: †¢Parent †¢Adult †¢Child And there are three types of transactions possible within people: †¢Reciprocal/Complementary †¢Crossed †¢Duplex/Covert While communicating with someone, one should try to analyse the ego state of that person and try to guess the type of transaction he is trying to do. Accordingly, the sales representative should behave with that person to perform a successful friendly communication. Everyone in the organization should be convinced about the importance of the deal with Australian Home and the new ideas thought of to meet the demands of them. The sales representative can use his different powers, coercive, utility and honour, to influence and convince people. Influence is termed as the highest level of all human skills. The sales representative has to identify the most influential persons within the company or the opinion leaders. If these people are convinced, then they can motivate others to agree to the changes required to meet the demands of Australian Home. The other people who should be targeted first are the people with knowledge, people who have good connections in the company and also who are trustworthy. These people might help to get support and cooperation from others. People do not like changes. They are resistant to changes. And the worst part is, if one process succeeds then people become more resistant to change it. Meeting the demands of Australian Home requires some serious changes in the company policy. So the sales representative has to be very careful to make sure everyone is convinced that these changes are good for the company in the long term. Everyone should be involved in this process. People feel more obliged to agree to changes if they are engaged in and part of the process. The sales representative should keep in mind that there is the ladder of inference as proposed by Peter Senge. These are the stages that one goes through while inferring something. One decides what information to select from the pool of available information, and then he describes this information to himself and makes the interpretation. After that he evaluates it based on his views and opinions. Then finally he theorises it and concludes. This is the complex procedure behind any inference. People do these steps in mind without knowing that he is doing these. So, it is important to know that everyone has their own different ladder of inference. To convince someone and sell some idea to him, the seller has to act in a friendly way so that the person infers the exact thing that the seller wants him to infer. The ideas generated by talking to the four departments should be networked within the company with these theories kept in mind to ensure effective communication and generating support. The sales epresentative has to use his powers and influence skills to successfully convince everyone in the company. He should use his four types of influence styles depending on the situation: †¢Involving: He should use this style with people who are friends and trustworthy. It should be used to build collaborations based on the same goals. They can form a team together and work towards motivating and convincing others in the com pany. †¢Inquiring: He should use this style of influence with people who have some other needs. He should talk to people and try to identify their objectives and goals. Then he can try to convince them about his ideas and in turn he will help them to get success on their respective issues. †¢Leading: He should use this influence style to let everyone know the importance of this deal and the importance of Australian Home as a major long term key account customer. If the employees within the company are convinced about the importance of the issue then they will shed their resistance and come forward to make the deal a success. †¢Proposing: This style of influencing involves proposing various options and solutions with rationalizations. It is a structured style. This style might be used with people within the four departments. The sales representative should try to get these people involved in the whole matter. He should ask for their suggestions and they should work together towards a win-win solution for both the companies. 2. 4 Close the Deal: This is the hardest of all the stages. Getting the commitment from the top management can be as hard as possible. They can be convinced still not committed. The sales representative might have to use different closing techniques depending on the situation and the persons involved. While closing, the sales representative can use the concept of co-opetition, Brandenburger and barry, 1996. It is not necessary that one party has to be defeated for the win of the other party. It can be a win-win situation for both Australian Home and Super-Ware. The top management has to be convinced that. The solutions should be made in such a way so that they benefit both the companies. 2. 5 Implementation: This is the stage once commitment is gained from the top management. The ideas should be implemented. The sales representative should personally ensure that all the four departments can successfully implement all the olutions. He should be involved in the entire implementation process. He should also ask the Australian Home representatives for their feedbacks. He is the middle man between the two companies. He has the responsibility of maintaining the interests of both the companies and keeping both of them happy and thus helping to grow the inter-organizational relation. In t his stage also he has to use his people skills to ensure that everything is going smooth. 2. 6 Sell the Results: This is the final stage of this six stage internal sell process. The results of the deal, the final success story should be communicated to everyone. The sales figure of Australian Home, the growth in revenue and other financial figures should be communicated to everyone. He should also not forget to thank everyone and mention their contributions everywhere. This can be explained with the help of the Double Loop Learning concept as proposed by Argyris, 1976. Single loop learning is only problem solving and is a one way approach. This helps only in improving the system as it exists. But double loop learning is more than just solving the problems. This involves questioning the underlying assumptions and beliefs behind the techniques in which we do something, goals and values. The final outcome is the result that we get. We should analyse this result and try to learn from it. This learning can help in building the underlying assumptions which explains why we do something. This will also help in the techniques, goals, values and strategies which explain what we do. The outcome of building a successful business relation with Australian Home should be considered as a learning experience for the company Super-Ware. The results should be communicated to one and all within the company. This will help in internal sell process in future for other decisions in other situations. References: †¢John Bradley Jackson, â€Å"Internal Selling Can Be The Hardest Sale† †¢Rackham, 1987, SPIN Selling Technique †¢Spiro, & Weitz, 1990, Adaptive Selling †¢Jennifer McFarland, 2001, â€Å"The Inside Sales Job† †¢Friesen, M. E. , 1998, â€Å"The Internal Sell Process† †¢E. Berne, 1986, Transactional Analysis †¢Peter Senge, Ladder of Inference †¢Brandenburger and Barry, 1996, Co-opetition †¢Argyris, 1976, Double Loop Learning

Gideon Katey Fayorsey’s Manifesto

Manifesto Madam electoral commissioner, Honourable executive manageress and supervisor of studies, Teaching and unteaching staffs of this noble institution, Enthusiastic student, co-aspirant, Invited guest, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen I greet you all. My name is Gideon Katey Fayorsey vying for the office of the school prefect and I deem it an honour to stand before you this morning to read my manifesto.As we all know here comes another election season or era which is characterised by the handing over of spiritual and physical batons from the old Elijah’s to the new Elisha’s First and foremost I would like to tell you reasons why you should vote for me, there so many reasons but I would like talk about three of them for the sake of time, to begin with I would like to tackle discipline As we all know discipline comes first in the life of an academician. We also know canning is not the only way to discipline a child but counselling which is a also very good way of d isciplining a child.Which I have started doing through spreading of the gospel. Comfortably seated Ladies and gentle imagine you disrespected a teacher when the teacher comes to the class teach will you be able to concentrate? No you cannot concentrate because at the first place you cannot look at the face of the teacher this cause many students to dislike and fail a particular subject. I Gideon Katey Fayorsey about to be elected will ensure that discipline is held in the highest level Secondly I would like talk to you about the reading of your books.Nowadays literacy week is part of our academic activities but still students find it very hard to read their books which isn’t good because the is a saying that â€Å"A man who does not read gets constipation of thoughts and diarrhea of words† I will make sure all students read at least two story books a week. And the last but not the least is My ultimate priority of the â€Å" Ancora Impara† which simply means that the attitude of learning shall I hold indisputably to ensure that my time shall see a considerably rise in academic performance with the blare of a trumpet so that we can all say something has happened out of the blues.Finally I will like to cast your vote for it is what is going to catapult me into unleashing my daring ambition. Vote for Gideon Katey Fayorsey this your decision to have a change of lifetime for it is said that â€Å"The journey of a thousand mile begins with a step† and that step is to be taken by you by voting for me. Vote Gideon Katey Fayorsey the potential potentate who has the power, ability, capability and capacity to head you towards the attainment of your aspiration. Vote and vote wisely for your vote is your greatest power and secrete. God bless you all! God Bless Great St Paul’s !! God bless Lutheran!!! Thank you all.

History of Yugoslavia - Overview

History of Yugoslavia - Overview Location of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was located in the Balkan region of Europe, to the east of Italy. The Origins of Yugoslavia There have been three federations of Balkan nations called Yugoslavia. The first originated in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and World War One. At the end of the nineteenth century, the two empires which previously dominated the region – Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans – began to undergo changes and retreats respectively, sparking discussion among intellectuals and political leaders about the creation of a united South Slav nation. The question of who would dominate this was a matter of contention, be it a Greater Serbia or a Greater Croatia. The origins of Yugoslavia may partly lay in the Illyrian Movement of the mid-nineteenth century. As World War I raged in 1914, the Yugoslav Committee was formed in Rome by Balkan exiles in order to come up with and agitate for a solution to a key question: what states would be created if the Allies of Britain, France and Serbia managed to defeat the Austro-Hungarians, especially as Serbia looked on the verge of destruction. In 1915 the committee moved to London, where it had an effect on allied politicians far greater than its size. Although funded by Serbian money, the committee – comprised mainly of Slovenes and Croats – was against a Greater Serbia, and argued for an equal union, although they conceded that as Serbia was the state which did exist, and which had the apparatus for government, the new South Slav state would have to coalesce around it. In 1917, a rival South Slav group formed from deputies in the Austro-Hungarian government, who argued for a union of Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs in a newly reworked, and federated, Austrian led empire. The Serbs and the Yugoslav Committee then went further, signing an agreement to push for the creation of an independent Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Serb kings, including land currently in Austria-Hungary. As the latter collapsed under the pressures of war, A National Council of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was declared to rule Austria-Hungary’s former Slavs, and this pushed for a union with Serbia. This decision was taken in no small part to rid the area of marauding bands of Italians, deserters and Habsburg troops. The Allies agreed to the creation of a combined South Slav state and basically told the rival groups to form one. Negotiations followed, in which the National Council gave in to Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee, allowing Prince Aleksander to declare the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes on December 1st, 1918. At this point, the devastated and disjointed region was only held together by the army, and bitter rivalry had to be damped down before borders were set, a new government was formed in 1921, and a new constitution was voted in (although the latter only just occurred after many deputies walked out in opposition.) In addition, in 1919 the Communist party of Yugoslavia formed, which received a large number of votes, refused to join the chamber, committed assassinations and got itself banned. The First Kingdom Ten years of political infighting between the many different parties followed, largely because the kingdom was dominated by Serbs, who had expanded their governing structures to run it, rather than by anything new. Consequently, King Aleksander I shut the parliament and created a royal dictatorship. He renamed the country Yugoslavia, (literally ‘Land of the South Slavs’) and created new regional divisions to try and negate the growing nationalist rivalries. Alexander was assassinated on October 9th, 1934 while visiting Paris, by an Ustasha affiliate. This left Yugoslavia governed by a regency for the eleven-year-old Crown Prince Petar. War and the Second Yugoslavia This first Yugoslavia lasted until the Second World War when Axis forces invaded in 1941. The Regency had been moving closer to Hitler, but an anti-Nazi coup brought the government down and the wrath of Germany onto them. War ensued, but not one as simple as pro-Axis versus anti-Axis, as communist, nationalist, royalist, fascist and other factions all fought in what was effectively a civil war. The three key groups were the fascist Utsasha, the royalist Chetniks and the communist Partisans. As the Second World War was concluded it was the Partisans lead by Tito – backed at the end by Red Army units - who emerged in control, and a second Yugoslavia was formed: this was a federation of six republics, each supposedly equal – Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro - as well as two autonomous provinces within Serbia: Kosovo and Vojvodina. Once the war was won, mass executions and purges targeted collaborators and enemy fighters. Tito’s state was initially highly centralized and allied to the USSR, and Tito and Stalin argued, but the former survived and forged his own path, devolving power and gaining assistance from western powers. He was, if not universally regarded, then at least for a time admired for the way Yugoslavia was progressing, but it was Western aid – designed to keep him away from Russia – that probably saved the country. The political history of the Second Yugoslavia is basically a struggle between the centralized government and the demands for devolved powers for the member units, a balancing act that produced three constitutions and multiple changes over the period. By the time of Tito’s death, Yugoslavia was essentially hollow, with deep economic problems and barely concealed nationalisms, all held together by the cult of Tito’s personality and the party. Yugoslavia may well have collapsed under him had he lived. War and the Third Yugoslavia Throughout his rule, Tito had to tie the federation together against growing nationalism. After his death, these forces began to increase rapidly and tore Yugoslavia apart. As Slobodan Milosevic took control first of Serbia and then the collapsing Yugoslavia’s military, dreaming of a Greater Serbia, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence to escape him. Yugoslav and Serbian military attacks in Slovenia failed quickly, but the war was more protracted in Croatia, and longer still in Bosnia after it also declared independence. The bloody wars, filled with ethnic cleansing, were mostly over by the end of 1995, leaving Serbia and Montenegro as a rump Yugoslavia. There was war again in 1999 as Kosovo agitated for independence, and a change in leadership in 2000, when Milosevic was finally removed from power, saw Yugoslavia gain wider international acceptance again. With Europe afraid that a Montenegrin push for independence would cause a new war, leaders produced a new federation plan, resulting in the dissolution of what remained of Yugoslavia and the creation of ‘Serbia and Montenegro’. The country had ceased to exist. Key People from the History of Yugoslavia King Alexander / Aleksander I 1888 - 1934Born to the King of Serbia, Alexander lived some of his youth in exile before leading Serbia as regent during World War 1. He was key in declaring the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, becoming king in 1921. However, years of frustration at the political infighting made him declare a dictatorship in early 1929, creating Yugoslavia. He tried to bind the disparate groups in his country together but was assassinated while visiting France in 1934. Josip Broz Tito 1892 – 1980Tito led the communist partisans fighting in Yugoslavia during World War 2 and emerged as the leader of the new second Yugoslavian federation. He held the country together and was notable for differing markedly with the USSR, which dominated the other communist nations of Eastern Europe. After his death, nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart.

Impressionism essays

Impressionism essays In the late nineteenth century, a group of painters, who were considered radical, broke many of the rules of picture making set by earlier generations. Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Pissaro worked in close contact with one another in France between 1965 and 1890. They all painted in a style that French art critic, Louis Leroy, called Impressionism. Impressionism was based on light and the subject that was being painted or drawn. Instead of creating smoothly blended somber colors, the standards for French painting, the Impressionist placed separate touches of vibrantly contrasting colors directly onto the canvas without prior mixing on the palette. If you look closely at a small section of an Impressionist painting, you will see many individual brush strokes of varying colors, placed side by side with no blending a jumble of color daubs. But when you move farther away, your eyes mix the colors to produce a recognizable subject with shimmering effects of light. The artist attempted to paint what the eye actually sees, rather than what the brain interprets from visual cues. For example, if you look at a house in the distance and you know intellectually that the house is painted a uniform color of yellow, you might see all one shade of yellow, because your brain tells you that is correct. However, your eyes register many variations of yellow, depending on how light strikes the house and the shadow it creates. This is what the Impressionists were after the true visual impression, not the version that is filtered through the knowing brain. The liveliness and spontaneity of their brushstrokes appeared unfinished to many viewers including the critic Leroy. The term Impressionism struck Leroy as an appropriate description of the loose, inexact manner of painting of Monet and several other painters. He argued that as soon as these artists had suggested an impression of a subject by means of ...

Definition and Examples of Narrative Climax

Definition and Examples of Narrative Climax In a narrative (within an essay, short story, novel, film, or play), a climax is the turning point in the action (also known as the crisis) and/or the highest point of interest or excitement. Adjective: climactic. In its simplest form, the classical structure of a narrative can be described as rising action, climax, falling action- known in journalism as BME (beginning, middle, end). EtymologyFrom the Greek, ladder. Examples and Observations The Climax of E.B. Whites Essay Once More to the LakeOne afternoon while we were there at that lake a thunderstorm came up. It was like the revival of an old melodrama that I had seen long ago with childish awe. The second-act climax of the drama of the electrical disturbance over a lake in America had not changed in any important respect. This was the big scene, still the big scene. The whole thing was so familiar, the first feeling of oppression and heat and a general air around camp of not wanting to go very far away. In mid-afternoon (it was all the same) a curious darkening of the sky, and a lull in everything that had made life tick; and then the way the boats suddenly swung the other way at their moorings with the coming of a breeze out of the new quarter, and the premonitory rumble. Then the kettle drum, then the snare, then the bass drum and cymbals, then crackling light against the dark, and the gods grinning and licking their chops in the hills. Afterward the calm, the rai n steadily rustling in the calm lake, the return of light and hope and spirits, and the campers running out in joy and relief to go swimming in the rain, their bright cries perpetuating the deathless joke about how they were getting simply drenched, and the children screaming with delight at the new sensation of bathing in the rain, and the joke about getting drenched linking the generations in a strong indestructible chain. And the comedian who waded in carrying an umbrella.When the others went swimming my son said he was going in too. He pulled  his dripping trunks  from the line where they had hung all through the shower, and wrung them out. Languidly, and with no thought of going in, I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare,  saw him wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. Essays of E.B. White, 1941. Rpt.  Harpe r Row, 1977) Climaxes in AnecdotesAnecdotes are really miniature stories with all the appurtenances of same. They must lay the groundwork so the reader can follow the action. They must introduce characters with clear objectives, then show the characters striving toward those objectives. They usually have conflict. They move toward a climax, then usually have a denouement, just like a short story. And they have to be structured; the raw material from which theyre built is seldom in final form when you get it. Warning: Structuring does not mean changing facts, it means perhaps rearranging their order, cutting nonessentials, emphasizing the quotes or actions that drive home the point.(Andrà © Fontaine and William A. Glavin, The Art of Writing Nonfiction, 2nd ed. Syracuse University  Press, 1991)Climaxes in Nonfiction- My nature essays have . . . been fairly conventional to date. Every essay has some sort of hook to catch the readers attention in the opening . . .; consists of a beginning, middle, and end; includes significant amounts of natural history information; moves toward some discernible climax, which can take the form of a revelation, an image, a rhetorical question, or some other closing device . . .; and strives at all times to keep the personal presence of the narrator in the foreground.(John A. Murray, Writing About Nature: A Creative Guide, revised ed. University  of New Mexico Press, 1995)- The essay, unlike the article, is inconclusive. It plays with ideas, juxtaposing them, trying them out, discarding some ideas on the way, following others to their logical conclusion. In the celebrated climax of his essay on cannibalism, Montaigne forces himself to admit that had he himself grown up among cannibals, he would in all likelihood have become a cannibal himself.(Thomas H. Eriksen, Engaging Anthropology: The Case for a Public Presence. Berg Publishers, 2006) Ayn Rand on the Climax in a Nonfiction ArticleThe climax in a nonfiction article is the point at which you demonstrate what you set out to demonstrate. It might require a single paragraph or several pages. There are no rules here. But in preparing the outline, you must keep in mind where you start from (i.e., your subject) and where you want to go (i.e., your theme- the conclusion you want your reader to reach). These two terminal points determine how you will get from one to the other. In good fiction, the  climax- which you must know in advance- determines what events you need in order to bring the story to that point. In  nonfiction  too, your conclusion gives you a lead to the steps needed to bring the reader to the  climax.The guiding question in this process is: What does the reader need to know in order to agree with the conclusion? That determines what to include. Select the essentials of what you need in order to convince the reader- keeping in mind the context of yo ur subject.(Ayn Rand,  The Art of Nonfiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers, 1958.  NAL, 2000) Charlie Chaplin on Comic ClimaxesBesides [Douglas] Fairbanks pool one day, the playwright Charles MacArthur, who had lately been lured from Broadway to write a screenplay, was bemoaning the fact that he was finding it difficult  to write visual jokes.Whats the problem? asked [Charlie] Chaplin.How, for example, could I make a fat lady, walking down Fifth Avenue, slip on a banana peel and still get a laugh? It’s been done a million times, said MacArthur. Whats the best way to get the laugh? Do I show first the banana peel, then the fat lady approaching; then she slips? Or do I show the fat lady first, then the banana peel, and then she slips?Neither, said Chaplin without a moments hesitation. You show the fat lady approaching; then you show the banana peel; then you show the fat lady and the banana peel together; then she steps over the banana peel and disappears down a manhole.†(David Niven, Bring on the Empty Horses. G.P. Putnams Sons, 1975) Pronunciation: KLI-max

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research Proposal Example The aim of this research study is to determine the various challenges faced by women as they climb the corporate ladder. Leadership is the process through which an individual influences the actions of others to achieve the defined goals and directs the personnel, to make organization more coherent and cohesive (L Models ). There was a time when most of the top management positions were given to the male employees because of the supposedly high influence of male. However, the women’s role as leaders in the workplaces is significantly increasing. Increasing number of women is taking the leadership roles that were previously occupied by men therefore, different leadership style of men and women are attracting the attention of researchers (Eagly & Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). A considerable literature work has been done to study the difference between male and female leadership styles. Most of the research studies support that men usually have more authoritative and assertive leadership style as compared to women. Eagly has analyzed that men and women show nine leadership behaviors with different fre quencies. Women apply more people development, expectations and rewards and role model whereas, men apply more individualistic decision making and control and corrective actions. Moreover, men and women equally apply intellectual stimulation and efficient communication whereas; women are slightly more than man in inspiration and participative decision making (Desvaux & Devillard, 2008). Khankhoje et al highlighted the importance of women leadership role from scientific perspective. In 48 countries, women have occupied highest political offices for example, Prime Minister, President and almost 60 percent increase has been seen in the last decade and a half (Khankhoje, Kb, & Kumar). Moreover, they also stated that male brains is 10% larger than female brains however, women have more nerve

Bacterial Meningitis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bacterial Meningitis - Research Paper Example d deep kissing, suffer from chronic ear and nose infection, and who have contracted pneumococcal pneumonia are at a higher risk of developing this disease. This ailment is characterized by high fever, headaches, increasing drowsiness, and irritability. Immediate medical attention has to be obtained, upon suspecting the presence of this disease. In general, it is advisable to undergo hospitalization. The recommended therapy is to administer antibiotics. Despite the reported 10% fatality rate of this disease, early diagnosis and treatment have ensured recovery in the majority of the patients. The most common cause of meningitis is bacterial or viral infection that has commenced in some other region of the body. Some examples are, the ears, sinuses, or upper respiratory tract. On occasion, meningitis results from autoimmune disorders, fungal infections, and medications. Bacterial meningitis proves to be contagious with regard to people who are in close physical contact (Johnson, 2013). The inflammation of the meninges or the membranes that enclose the spinal cord and the brain, constitutes bacterial meningitis. The cause of the inflammation is bacterial infection that can prove to be fatal. These bacteria are present in the mouth, nose, throat, and spread from an infected individual to another via coughing, osculation, or the sharing of food or beverages. This infection can also spread from an infection of the brain, ear, nose, sinus, or throat. Such infection can also be spread by a head injury or head surgery (Drugs.com, 2013). Among children and young adults, meningococcus or Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumonia occur frequently. These are the principal causes of meningitis in the US, and there are vaccines available for Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumonia. These vaccines have been recommended for all the people who are special risk. The bacteria tend to spread from individual to individual via coughing and sneezing (Johnson,

Mechanical Engineering And Science Research Paper

Mechanical Engineering And Science - Research Paper Example This report stresses that skills in mechanical engineering have helped to develop vehicles which are an essential component of the transportation industry. Vehicles have played a great role in improving the economy of states, this is mostly because they transport products and goods to places of production. The field of engineering that produces vehicles and automobiles is referred to as mechanics, and it is the most popular field of study, in mechanical engineering. This paper makes a conclusion that it is important to denote that students of mechanical engineering are not only limited to the above mentioned career choices. There are other careers that these students can pursue. For instance, a student who manages to achieve a graduate status in the field of mechanical engineering can get involved in the field of research and academia. Furthermore, these students are equipped with creative skills, and hence they have the capability of employing themselves, designing a new product, ability at overcoming the constraints associated with their jobs, and the ability to work as a team. Mechanical engineering is an important field of engineering. This is because nearly all movable products are built through knowledge derived from this course. Technology is an aspect that keeps on changing, and this affects the engineering field. Due to the evolution of technology, it is now possible to use some aspects of information technology, in mechanical engineeri ng.

Write a paper which reflects your understanding of the relation Essay

Write a paper which reflects your understanding of the relation between religious views of creation and the way that humans based on these views think - Essay Example The definite stand of Christian left for instance, is to go for same-sex marriage, has become controversial, contrary to the Christian right’s beliefs, but this group has remarkable explanation appealing to the human intellect and reason for justification. According to the Christian left, God has created everyone equal and it is the ultimate goal of Jesus Christ to liberate the oppressed and give freedom to those who are in bondage of sin. From their own interpretation of some Biblical texts associated with this thought, Christian left remakably reflected that Jesus would want to end the oppression against the third gender, and so legalizing the same-sex marriage as they believe would substantially end the repression against the homosexuals. Christian views nowadays are therefore trying to create a way to justify the human actions, unlike from the past which the literal interpretation of the Bible was most likely emphasized. Today, Christian views are still remarkably placing higher authority on God’s Word, but some views are susceptible to create justification leading to the belief system that is highly intellectualize and rich in substantial reasons. However, no matter how diverse these doctrines are, Christians have been united with the basic idea that God from the start would want to ensure a good plan for his creation, but as the humanity failed, he wants restoration and this was made possible through the death of Christ at the cross. This is the basic foundation of the Christian belief, as Christians remain to believe that God is the ultimate creator and source of everything. Furthermore, as creator of all things, God allows calamities at present to inflict remarkable consequences and pains on the humanity. A Christian view concerning this may lead to the very characteristic Jesus would want to show to the mankind. With his

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

History - Essay Example However, their efforts remained unappreciated by the English army and so the chief of the Cherokee ordered his warriors to return back home. Some days later, another delegation of Cherokee warriors and fighters along with the Virginian troops launched an operation against the Shaawanooki tribe. The Shaawanooki tribe proved to be very elusive and hard to defeat and so the Cherokee warriors started to decline gradually and they ended up fighting against Virginians. The Virginians, being larger in number, defeated and killed many Cherokee fighters. The Virginian troops also scalped many Cherokee warriors and presented the scalps as those of the members of Shawanooki tribe. Bounties were also given to the Virginian troops for those scalps which also ended up in enraging the Cherokee warriors and tribe leaders. In retaliation, the Cherokee leaders declared war against the British and started raids on distant British settlements. The Cherokee, however, did not fight as allies or France but fought as an individual independent entity. They also had the support of the Muskogee tribe who had always been in support of France and were French allies. (Hatley, 1995) William Henry, who was the governor of South Carolina at that time, sent an army of around 1000 men to deal with the Cherokee people. The confrontation proved to be successful as the towns of Cherokee quickly agreed to peace. Cherokee warriors, who were accused of treason and murder of white people, were turned over by the people and later on they were executed. Many chiefs of the Cherokee tribe were taken and imprisoned at Fort Prince George (named after the Prince of Wales). Tensions settled down for some time but the Cherokee people, who were filled with hate and rage, continued to attack settlements. Other small settlements of South Carolina were also victims of the Cherokee raids. In 1760, the Cherokee warriors, in an attempt to free their chiefs and other hostages, attacked Fort Prince George. The Chief

Management Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management Decision Making - Essay Example This report will present an analysis of the hotel’s resources and systems and evaluate the financial systems, customers, internal business operations, learnings and growth of Forester using the method of balance score card. It will also employ the SERVQUAL method to help in the decision making about the change in revenue generation model. The main task of the report is to conduct an analysis of Forester Hotel in order understand the competitive priorities for the hotel’s customers. This is undertaken by using the Balances Score Card Method for Forester Hotel. The Balanced score card is a technique that provides in depth insights about what a given strategy’s impact may be on different aspects of the organization including the operational and the financial performance, the customer satisfaction and the learning and growth of the organization (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). It is an appropriate tool to arrive at the targets and measures that the organization needs to ad vocate in order to achieve its strategic vision. A Balanced Score card can be used for any organization, but it is particularly useful for service organizations where intangible compinents of operations and services need to be evaluated (Denton and White, 2000). In addition, a balanced score card lets the hotel assess the perceptions and expectations of the customers and hence make the relevant changes in its strategies (Denton and White, 2000).     It is also an exhaustive exercise for the same reason as it involves several steps like the Systems Mapping, the Objectives Mapping and the Strategy Mapping before the balance score card can be developed. Sytem Mapping A balanced score card is however developed on the basis of the information gathered about the financial systems, the customer related systems, the internal operational systems and the learnings and growth systems of the organization. It therefore relies on an exhaustive mapping of the organization in terms of its syste ms and the interlink between them (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). The following figure is a system map and it showcases the systems that are operational at Forester Hotel. Fig 1: Forestar System Mapping Government Legal system: Standards, Licensing Financial support system: Credit, Interets rates Forestar Hotel Operating Systens Restaurants (purchase, prepare, serve) Rooms Management (scheduling $ housekeeping) Activities (schedule, maintenance) Quality Planning Staff Training Food Standards Equipment Maintenance Financial Cost/ Resource Aquisition System Control Systems HR Logistics Purchase Income Generation Capacity Planning Number of Rooms Leisure activities Construction Activities Accomodation Staff Size Food Conferences /Parties Source: Author A system map is a detailed diagram showing the inter-linkages between different sub-systems within an organization and also highlighting the influence of external systems (customer, governmental, legal) on the internal sub systems. It is an e xhaustive representation of how different processes related to each other and hence helps in identification of the impacts that any proposed changes in strategies may bring to the organization (Kaipa, 2000). The only disadvantage of using this technique is that it is time consuming and requires an in depth analysis of the organizat

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

History - Essay Example However, their efforts remained unappreciated by the English army and so the chief of the Cherokee ordered his warriors to return back home. Some days later, another delegation of Cherokee warriors and fighters along with the Virginian troops launched an operation against the Shaawanooki tribe. The Shaawanooki tribe proved to be very elusive and hard to defeat and so the Cherokee warriors started to decline gradually and they ended up fighting against Virginians. The Virginians, being larger in number, defeated and killed many Cherokee fighters. The Virginian troops also scalped many Cherokee warriors and presented the scalps as those of the members of Shawanooki tribe. Bounties were also given to the Virginian troops for those scalps which also ended up in enraging the Cherokee warriors and tribe leaders. In retaliation, the Cherokee leaders declared war against the British and started raids on distant British settlements. The Cherokee, however, did not fight as allies or France but fought as an individual independent entity. They also had the support of the Muskogee tribe who had always been in support of France and were French allies. (Hatley, 1995) William Henry, who was the governor of South Carolina at that time, sent an army of around 1000 men to deal with the Cherokee people. The confrontation proved to be successful as the towns of Cherokee quickly agreed to peace. Cherokee warriors, who were accused of treason and murder of white people, were turned over by the people and later on they were executed. Many chiefs of the Cherokee tribe were taken and imprisoned at Fort Prince George (named after the Prince of Wales). Tensions settled down for some time but the Cherokee people, who were filled with hate and rage, continued to attack settlements. Other small settlements of South Carolina were also victims of the Cherokee raids. In 1760, the Cherokee warriors, in an attempt to free their chiefs and other hostages, attacked Fort Prince George. The Chief

Of The Monetary Model Essay Example for Free

Of The Monetary Model Essay The exchange rate determination in UK is not an exception to the contemporaneous developments in econometric theory in economics field. This is because the economic world today is competitive and dynamic. This competition and dynamism that engulfs the economic arena of exchange rate require keen studies to establish the reliability and validity of monetary models used in determining the exchange rate. United Kingdom enjoys a relatively good and positive economy than other European counterparts. Evidently, sterling pound is strong against the euro and even the US dollar. This is because of the nature of economic structure and policies. In addition to that, UK attracts large quantity of foreign investors due to its open economy. Thus, in policies regarding to monetary policies especially exchange rate determination should be good enough to sustain and attract other foreign investors. It is in this line of thought that this dissertation chapter shall empirically examine exchange rate determination in UK. In order to do that effectively, the paper look forward to validate the monetary model in the determination of the sterling pound exchange rate by applying cointegration methodology. Introduction Exchange rate determination has a long history in the UK, this date back from Bretton wood era when exchange rate was fixed by agreement in relation to United States dollar from 1944 to 1971. However, after the United States government cancelled its undertaking to buy gold at a fixed rate the peg was abandoned. The new approach to exchange rate determination from 1971 was inevitable. United Kingdom and other countries were adopted a float to the currency, such that the price of sterling pound currency in terms of another currency was determined by foreign currency money market. But today, the exchange rate determination regime is based on the exchange rates being adjusted at a regulated rate (Davidson, 1998; Dawson Baillie 2007; Fredrick 1968). Thus, the concern of this dissertation chapter on methodology is concerned about the validity of this regulation of exchange rate. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to empirically assess the relationship between sterling exchange rate with other major currencies and a vector of explanatory variables in the monetary model of exchange rates in order to establish whether the behavior of this exchange rate lends support to the monetary model. This is an interesting area of study in relation to its importance to businessmen, academicians, investors and policy makers. In relation to the importance of the exchange rate determination, Rogoff and Maurice (1996), states that; issues relating to monetary approach to exchange rate is a core area and remains vital to bilateral trade involvement especial to Britain and other nations. In regard to exchange rate determination aspect, the oversight of exchange rate history since 1970s (Richardson1979: 215), there has been a decline in the nominal value and fluctuations of the UK sterling pound in the world market against other currencies like US dollar and Japanese yen. This was as a result of the abandonment of the fixed exchange rates which were applicable across all transaction counters. But during the late 1990s the pound gained strengths due the available trade deficits with its trading partners. In this connection, Laurence, (2005) states that monetary models of exchange rates are to help the economical conscious mind to establish whether there is a way by which exchange rates in the money market enhances support for the monetary models. Literature Review on methodology The monetary approach to exchange rates remains and continues to be a key area for spartial and temporary research in relation to field of international monetary and financial management. Due to this importance, the substantial contribution by xxxxemphasisis that exchange rate is a core area and remains key to bilateral trade involvement. Thus, econometrics scholars emphasize on the proposition of monetary exchange unit as a prerequisite to bilateral trade rather than the transaction between the two trading partners (Davidson, 1998; Fredrick 1968). Exchange rate determination as a monetary exchange unit policy has bearing on the impact of trade and business transaction that may likely to occur between the UK and other trading partners. Therefore as a consequence, various studies have been done that constructs a rich body of knowledge that about the empirical examination of the monetary model in relation to the exchange rate determination in UK. The monetary theory in regard to exchange rates suggests that the nominal exchange rate is determined by contemporaneous excess supplies of money between United Kingdom and the other trading nation. Nations that adopts and adhere to a relatively restrictive monetary policy usually experience an appreciation of their currencies against that of their trading partners, while the nations that adopt and adhere to a relatively expansionary monetary policy experience a depreciation of their currencies against that of their trading partners. Therefore, theory application in practical aspect of econometrics in relation to exchange rate determination helps to project the proportional relationship between the relative money supply and the exchange rates between the bilateral trading nations for a specific period of time. The aspect of the theory that enables it to project the proportional relationship between the relative money supply and the exchange rates between trading partners of Britain, is important and has tangible and intangible implications at levels of policy, empirical and theoretical. For instance, at theoretical level the monetary approach is the basis foundation for United Kingdom open economy. The theory of open economy was adopted from work of Lucas (1982) of open economy quantity theory. While at policy level, the theory has impact on the structural adjustment programs. These structural adjustment programmes are sponsored by IMF, World Bank and exchange rate misalignment in monetary unions that UK is a partner like EMU (European Monetary Union). Due to this domestic and global implication of the monetary model, it has not only been widely accepted, but also widely tested model for exchange rates in econometrics. Rich body knowledge has been contributed by empirical Research conducted by other researchers like Wilford (1980); Haynes and Stone (1981); and Rogoff (1983), in their studies during the period of floating exchange rates to establish support for the model was not in favor of the model, since their evidence did not support the monetary model. While other category of researchers by Frankel, (1976); Billson, (1978); and Downburst, (1979). In their studies during the period of interwar and the periods of flexible exchange rates, the outcome of their results was largely supportive of the monetary mode. In an attempt to explain the reason for poor performance of the model, Rogoff and Meese, (1983); hypothesized that the reasons for poor performance of the model was due to the constraints imposed on relative monies, assumptions of purchasing power parity, incomes, exogeneity of money supply, uncovered interest rate parity, interest rates, and the statistical problems were some of the hindrance that were pointed out. However the new approach to the model that incorporated the use and the development of the cointegration and error-correction statistical technique awakened the research into empirical examination of the monetary model. Despite the renewed anxiety and drive for research to determine the validity of the model, there was mixed results coming from different researchers. For instance, research by Engle and Granger (1987); through employing a two-step cointegration methodology came up with negative response in support for a long-run relationship between exchange rates and the set of monetary variables as projected by standard monetary model. These results by Engle and Granger resulted to a low morale and discouragement for further research. Hoper was found by the research that was conducted by Taylor and MacDonald in 1994, which they used multivariate method of Johansen and Juselius. The results of studies of Taylor and MacDonald supported that the model determine with precision the stylized facts of recent float because the residuals were I (0) (Gardner 2007; Huston 1969; Jonson 1999; James, 2008) and the point estimates are close to their a priori values. In regard to recent work on the model was that which was conducted in the year 1998 by Diamandis. Diamandis employed relatively a more sophisticated approach to the study by using multivariate unit root test, cointegration test and panel unit root test that found a tangible support for the monetary model of exchange rates. Furthermore, Diamandis suggested that unrestricted monetary model is and should be a valid framework for explaining the long-run movements of exchange rates. To elaborate on the literature review, a lot has been covered by various scholars on the monetary model of the exchange rate in the UK and Europe at large. Ranging from empirical studies during the flexible exchange rate periods, during the inter war periods (1970s) in Europe was done by Fredrick (1968) and Huston (1969). While the study and research on floating exchange rates during the post war period was done by Davidson, (1998) and Granger, (2002). Who found that there were constraints imposed (Taylor, Lucio 2003) on relative interest rates, monies and incomes, in addition to assumptions of interest rate and purchasing power parity and exogeneity of money supply within Europe and UK included that lead to the unworthy performance of monetary models in relation to exchange rates determination. Up to the recent work by Diamandis that gave life to the monetary model through his supportive research outcome. The main reason for the high and intensity engagement in the research on the empirical test is all because the empirical monetary model of exchange rate is the most tested propositions in the country’s economic undertakings. Evidently, many scholars have had their take on the empirical determination of the exchange rate determination of which they have coming up with different and mixed empirical results. This paper shall seek to empirically investigate the efficiency, effectiveness, validity and reliability of the monetary model for the bilateral exchange rate between the UK sterling pound and other currencies like US dollar. In order to do this examination effectively, the methodological approach is the use of the Gregory and Hansen (1996); cointegration test.

Chupacabra Animal Blood

Chupacabra Animal Blood Chupacabra The horror it has created this unidentify creature Chupacabra is a cryptid rumored to lived in parts of the Americas or the world. It is associated more recently with sightings of an allegedly unknow animal in Puerto Rico (where these sightings were first reported), Mexico, and the United States, especially in the latters Latin America towns farms and communities. The name comes from the animals reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats. Physicals descriptions of the creature vary. Eyewitness sightings have been claimed as early as 1990 in Puerto Rico. It is supposedly as a big creature. Most biologists and wild management officials view the Chupacabra as an urban legend. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra) â€Å"There are come theories one of them is that some authorities have ventured that chupacabras may actually be a large vampire bat. The worlds three species of blood-sucking bats live predominantly in the warm climates of Latin America where most of the attacks have occurred. But vampire bats do not directly kill their victims; they stealthily creep up on their sleeping prey, make painless incisions, and lap up the dripping blood. Another theory is that the Chupacabra is the result of secret government experiments in genetics. There is another one called the â€Å"Alien Theory†: Disinformation and debunking campaigns appeared organised through UFO groups stating Chupacabras belong to a voracious reptilian race of creatures, alien in origin, who have started devouring the populace.† (http://cryptozoo.monstrous.com/theories_chupacabra.htm) Since 1990 farmers have found corpses of sheep, goats, cows, turkeys, cats, chickens, with specific penetrating injuries, around their necks and bodies totally, without blood. Some farmers say that the aggressor is an animal half dog, half wolf and, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base 0of the tail . The same versions assure that the animal is capable to be stopped being supported in its hind legs and to swim quickly -like ducks-.The animal jumps as kangaroo, measures 1,2 mts of high, has a great snout with eyeteeth and so scarce and fine fur, that it could be told that lacks hair. One thing that it suppose to be true is that the Chupacabra doesnt need to drink blood every nigth, they say that one night each month he got all the necessary to survive the whole month. But in only one night he could eat an incredible numbers of goats or chikens or turkeys or rabbit, etc. (www.chupacabra.com) â€Å"The goatsucker or chupacabra has affected Latin America by sucking blood or eating internal organs of animals like goats, cows, chikens, ducks, cats, dogs, turkeys, rabbits and other small animals in farms, and living less domestic animals. The goatsucker or chupacabra affected the most in Puerto Rico. There have being many cases of dead animals by the characteristic of a goatsucker eating. Since 1975.  ¨Their first known attacks were in March of 1975 in Puerto Rico. Eight sheep were discovered dead, each completely drained of blood. Investigators found three strange puncture wounds in the chests of the animals.† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra) â€Å"In July 2004, a rancher near San Antonio, Texas, killed a hairless, dog-like creature named JoAnne, which was attacking his livestock. This creature is now known as the Elmendorf Creature. It was later determined to be an unknown canine of some sort, similar to a coyote with demodectic mange. In October 2004, two animals which closely resemble the Elmendorf Creature were observed in the same area. The first was dead, and a local zoologist who was called to identify the animal noticed the second while she was traveling to the location where the first was found. Specimens of the dead animal were studied by biologists in Texas, who found that the creatures were some sort of canines of an undetermined species.† (http://www.chupacabrasonline.com/link.two.htm , Raggie Lagow) â€Å" In April of 2006, MosNews reported that the chupacabra was spotted in Russia for the first time. Reports from Central Russia beginning in March 2005 tell of a beast that kills animals and sucks out their blood. Thirty-two turkeys were killed and drained overnight. Reports later came from neighboring villages when 30 sheep were killed and had their blood drained. Finally eyewitnesses were able to describe the chupacabra. In May of 2006, experts were determined to track the animal down. In mid-August 2006 Michelle ODonnell, described an evil looking rodent-like creature with fangs that had been found dead alongside a road. The mystery beast was apparently struck by a car, and was otherwise unidentifiable. Photographs were taken and several witness reports seem to be in relative agreement that the creature was canine in appearance, but unlike any dog or wolf in the area.† (http://www.chupacabrasonline.com/link.two.htm, Michelle ODonnell) â€Å"In December 2006, a local farmer in Peru claimed to have seen a creature resembling a Chupacabra attacking a wild boar on his farm. The man, who referred to the creature as Zahir, later told the authorities that he feared for his life when he saw the creature devour the boar within minutes. The creature then ran faster than any animal the farmer had ever seen. Shocked at the sight of the creature, the farmer stated that he is haunted by the evil in the Zahirs eyes. The most recent, undocumented sighting of the Chupacabra was in Hawaii on the island of Maui. Witnesses who apparently saw the beast outside of the Kuia Leia Airport described the creature as half dog half human. (February 16, 2007) One week after Chiles Armed Forces released photos and videos of UFO activity around the country, Chiles mainstream media has once again gone extraterrestrial with various Chupacabra sightings reported throughout the country. Chupacabra literally translated as goat sucker is the name f or a mythical creature known for sucking the blood out of farm animals throughout Latin America and the southern United States. Many enthusiasts speculate that Chupacabras are aliens or escaped alien pets as evidence of the creature is frequently reported in tandem with nearby UFO sightings. While UFO activity is typically reserved for Chiles tabloid press, Chupacabra sightings make big news in Chile, and the countries principle newspaper, El Mercurio, reported Wednesday that Chupacabras are once again causing a stir in the southern cone country. According to the daily, a Chupacabra attacked a henhouse in San Antonio Tuesday evening, leaving every chicken dead, without blood, and with a mysterious orifice on their spines. Flor Và ¡squez, 73, told police that she could not believe what she saw when she entered her henhouse. â€Å"All the chickens were dead and were sucked completely dry of blood,† she said. â€Å"But the animal that did it did not eat a single on of my bir ds.† (El Mercurio, www.chupacabrasonlina.com ) My conclusion is that the chupacabra exist, you can say that this is a case like the one of the loch ness monster but is different because in this case we have evidence like photos, remains, victims, etc. The Chupacabra or goatsucker has beencalled by a lot of names one of them is phenomenoum it can be because it seem to dont be an animal, but another chance is that it can be a creation on a laboratory of some scientifics and it scaped but im not sure about this because it seem to dont be only one. This is another question i couldnt answer, how does it reproduct? Is not only one. How many could they be, but how?. I guees it still a mystery but not any more a legend. Bibliography http://www.chupacabrasonline.com/link.two.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra http://cryptozoo.monstrous.com/theories_chupacabra.htm http://tinwiki.org/wiki/El_Chupacabra

Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) Essay -- Rights Copyright Res

Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) MOSCOW, Russia (AP) - Bill Gates was arrested late Thursday evening at Moscow International Airport. Gates, co-founder of the Microsoft Corporation (MSFT), was returning to the US after attending a software conference in Moscow. Sources indicate the NKVD arrested Gates on charges pursuant to an alleged violation of Russian software law. The charges were reportedly filed by the Russian software firm Camah, presumably in response to the recent release of Microsoft Advanced eBook Processor. (This software allows users to convert Camah eBook texts into other formats.) As a foreign national, Gates was denied bail. "Yeah, right." you think. "That's absurd. It could never happen. A U.S. citizen arrested in Russia for violating a Russian law while in the United States." Unfortunately, change the names, swap the roles of Russia and the United States, and it happened quite recently. How? Thanks to a 60 page piece of legislation known as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) To understand the DMCA, we must understand what it was designed to do. The name gives away a few clues. Obviously it deals with copyrights, and things digital. And at the the core of any discussion of copyright is the concept of intellectual property. Without getting mired in legal jargon, let us consider an example. Pretend you're a musician. (I'll leave it up to you to decide if you're starving or not) Simplifying things greatly, there are really only two things you have to do to produce an album. The first is coming up with the lyrics and the music. This is your intellectual property. Second, you need to record and make copies of your music. (Unless you went with "starving" above) These copies are physi... ...ca.org (Mar 2002). Boucher, Rick (D-VA) "Time to rewrite the DMCA" Jan 29, 2002 http://news.com.com/2010-1078-825335.html (Mar 2002) "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" Feb 17, 2000 http://www.acm.org/usacm/IP/dmca.exemption.htm (Mar 2002) "Digital Millennium Copyright Act Status And Analysis" Mar 19, 2001 http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/dmca.html (Mar 2002) "US Copyright Office Summary of the Digital Millennum Copyright Act of 1998" December 1998 http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/dmca.pdf (Mar 2002) Ferguson, Niels "Censorship in action: Silenced by the DMCA" Aug 29, 2001 http://www.macfergus.com/niels/dmca/ (Mar 2002) Samuelson, Pamela "Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science" Sep 14, 2001 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2028 (Mar 2002) Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) Essay -- Rights Copyright Res Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) MOSCOW, Russia (AP) - Bill Gates was arrested late Thursday evening at Moscow International Airport. Gates, co-founder of the Microsoft Corporation (MSFT), was returning to the US after attending a software conference in Moscow. Sources indicate the NKVD arrested Gates on charges pursuant to an alleged violation of Russian software law. The charges were reportedly filed by the Russian software firm Camah, presumably in response to the recent release of Microsoft Advanced eBook Processor. (This software allows users to convert Camah eBook texts into other formats.) As a foreign national, Gates was denied bail. "Yeah, right." you think. "That's absurd. It could never happen. A U.S. citizen arrested in Russia for violating a Russian law while in the United States." Unfortunately, change the names, swap the roles of Russia and the United States, and it happened quite recently. How? Thanks to a 60 page piece of legislation known as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) To understand the DMCA, we must understand what it was designed to do. The name gives away a few clues. Obviously it deals with copyrights, and things digital. And at the the core of any discussion of copyright is the concept of intellectual property. Without getting mired in legal jargon, let us consider an example. Pretend you're a musician. (I'll leave it up to you to decide if you're starving or not) Simplifying things greatly, there are really only two things you have to do to produce an album. The first is coming up with the lyrics and the music. This is your intellectual property. Second, you need to record and make copies of your music. (Unless you went with "starving" above) These copies are physi... ...ca.org (Mar 2002). Boucher, Rick (D-VA) "Time to rewrite the DMCA" Jan 29, 2002 http://news.com.com/2010-1078-825335.html (Mar 2002) "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" Feb 17, 2000 http://www.acm.org/usacm/IP/dmca.exemption.htm (Mar 2002) "Digital Millennium Copyright Act Status And Analysis" Mar 19, 2001 http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/dmca.html (Mar 2002) "US Copyright Office Summary of the Digital Millennum Copyright Act of 1998" December 1998 http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/dmca.pdf (Mar 2002) Ferguson, Niels "Censorship in action: Silenced by the DMCA" Aug 29, 2001 http://www.macfergus.com/niels/dmca/ (Mar 2002) Samuelson, Pamela "Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science" Sep 14, 2001 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2028 (Mar 2002)